Role of neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of myopia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

With complex pathogenesis, myopia is a common ophthalmology disease and a major causation for visual impairment in children. For years, studies found that neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, nitric oxide, acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine, insulin and prostaglandins, are associated with children's refractive development and axial length growth. However, there are still many disagreements in their mechanisms of action. This article makes a systematic review on the roles of neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of myopia including neurotransmitter receptors and antagonists to clarify the influence of different neurotransmitters on the occurrence and development of myopia, thus giving a comprehensive insight into its pathogenesis, building a basis for further research on the changes of neurotransmitters and providing new ideas and directions for the prevention and treatment of myopia.

Myocardial biopsy of Liwen procedure: representability and etiological diagnostic value of cardiac samples obtained by a novel technique in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To investigate the representability and etiological diagnostic value of myocardium samples obtained from patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) by transthoracic echocardiography-guided percutaneous intramyocardial septal biopsy (myocardial biopsy of Liwen procedure). Methods: This study was a retrospective case-series analysis. Patients with HCM, who underwent myocardial biopsy of Liwen procedure and radiofrequency ablation in Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University from July to December 2019, were included. Demographic data (age, sex), echocardiographic data and complications were collected through electronic medical record system. The histological and echocardiographic features, pathological characteristics of the biopsied myocardium of the patients were analyzed. Results: A total of 21 patients (aged (51.2±14.5) years and 13 males (61.9%)) were enrolled. The thickness of ventricular septum was (23.3±4.5)mm and the left ventricular outflow tract gradient was (78.8±42.6)mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa). Eight patients (38.1%) were complicated with hypertension, 1 patient (4.8%) had diabetes, and 2 patients (9.5%) had atrial fibrillation. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of myocardial samples of HCM patients before radiofrequency ablation evidenced myocytes hypertrophy, myocytes disarray, nuclear hyperchromatism, hypertrophy, atypia, coronary microvessel abnormalities, adipocyte infiltration, inflammatory cell infiltration, cytoplasmic vacuoles, lipofuscin deposition. Interstitial fibrosis and replacement fibrosis were detected in Masson stained biopsy samples. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of myocardial samples of HCM patients after radiofrequency ablation showed significantly reduced myocytes, cracked nuclear in myocytes, coagulative necrosis, border disappearance and nuclear fragmentation. Quantitative analysis of myocardial specimens of HCM patients before radiofrequency ablation showed that there were 9 cases (42.9%) with mild myocardial hypertrophy and 12 cases (57.1%) with severe myocardial hypertrophy. Mild, moderate and severe fibrosis were 5 (23.8%), 9 (42.9%) and 7 (33.3%), respectively. Six cases (28.6%) had myocytes disarray. There were 11 cases (52.4%) of coronary microvessel abnormalities, 4 cases (19.0%) of adipocyte infiltration, 2 cases (9.5%) of inflammatory cell infiltration,6 cases (28.5%) of cytoplasmic vacuole, 16 cases (76.2%) of lipofuscin deposition. The diameter of cardiac myocytes was (25.2±2.8)μm, and the percentage of collagen fiber area was 5.2%(3.0%, 14.6%). One patient had severe replacement fibrosis in the myocardium, with a fibrotic area of 67.0%. The rest of the patients had interstitial fibrosis. The myocardial specimens of 13 patients were examined by transmission electron microscopy. All showed increased myofibrils, and 9 cases had disorder of myofibrils. All patients had irregular shape of myocardial nucleus, partial depression, mild mitochondrial swelling, fracture and reduction of mitochondrial crest, and local aggregation of myofibrillary interfascicles. One patient had hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, but the arrangement of muscle fibers was roughly normal. There were vacuoles in the cytoplasm, and Periodic acid-Schiff staining was positive. Transmission electron microscopy showed large range of glycogen deposition in the cytoplasm, with occasional double membrane surround, which was highly indicative of glycogen storage disease. No deposition of glycolipid substance in lysozyme was observed under transmission electron microscope in all myocardial specimens, which could basically eliminate Fabry disease. No apple green substance was found under polarized light after Congo red staining, which could basically exclude cardiac amyloidosis. Conclusion: Myocardium biopsied samples obtained by Liwen procedure of HCM patients are representative and helpful for the etiological diagnosis of HCM.

Advance in the Monitoring and Treatment of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

@#Sepsis is defined as a life- threatening organ dysfunction caused by a deregulated host response to infection and is the leading cause of mortality in intensive care units. Although the exact pathogenesis of sepsis remains unclear，immunosuppression is considered to play a key role. Sepsis-induced immunosuppression is characterized by a failure to eradicate the primary infection and by development of secondary nosocomial infections， resulting in a prolonged hospitalization and increased death rate in sepsis patients. Early recognition of immunosuppression and appropriate intervention will benefit these patients. This review helps clinicians identify patients with immunosuppression through high-risk population screening and biomarkers detection，and introduces immunostimulants that have been used in clinics and clinical trials.

Current research status of immunotherapy for sepsis / 医学研究生学报

In recent years, with the further study of the pathogenesis of sepsis, immunosuppression is considered to be one of the central links of pathological mechanisms of sepsis. At present, a number of clinical studies based on drugs strengthening immunity have initially shown that immunotherapy will become a promising strategy for the treatment of sepsis. Therefore, this article will introduce the treatment of sepsis from innate immunosuppression, adaptive immunosuppression and immunomodulation combined with anti-inflammation.

Effects of amphiregulin antibody on the eyes of guinea pigs with binocular lens-induced myopic / 眼科新进展

Objective To investigate the effects of amphiregulin antibody on the axial length,diopter and posterior sclera thickness in eyes of bilateral lens-induced myopic guinea pigs.Methods A total of 60 healthy three-colored short-hair guinea pigs were randomly divided into 5 groups:myopic model group,low dose group,medium dose group,high dose group and normal control group,12 rats in each group,and both eyes of the guinea pigs in the former four groups were induced by-10 D lens,while the normal group did not make any treatment.After wearing of goggles for 2 weeks,the right eyes of guinea pigs were intravitreally administrated with 5 μg,10 μg,20 μg anphiregulin antibody for the low,medium and high dose group,respectively.At the same time,the left eyes of these groups were given the same dose of Ringer' s buffer (buffer group).Continuous wearing of the lenses before and after injection of antibody was allowed.Diopter and axial length of guinea pigs were measured before wearing of the lenses,2 weeks after wearing lenses and 5 weeks after the experiment (after 3-times injections of antibody).Moreover,the thicknesses of retina,choroid and sclera in the posterior pole were detected by PAS staining.Finally,the expression of amphiregulin and EGFR mRNA and protein was detected by real time quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence.Results After 2 weeks of lens induction,the axial length of the myopic model group increased,but the diopter decreased when compared with the normal control group,and the differences were statistically significant (both P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the buffer group,after intravitreal injection of amphiregulin antibody,the axial length in the low,medium,and high dose groups decreased,while the diopter increased,and the scleral thickness at the posterior pole increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner,with statistically significant differences (all P ＜ 0.05).However,there was no significant change in retinal thickness at the posterior pole of all groups.Real-time quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence showed the expression of amphiregulin mRNA and protein in the retina was upregulated the myopic model group and buffer group,but downregulated in the high,medium,and low dose groups.Furthermore,when compared with the buffer group,the expression level of epidermal growth factor receptor in the retina of the low dose group was decreased (t =2.606,P =0.022),but there was no significant difference in the other groups.Conclusion After injection of amphiregulin antibody into the eyes of bilateral lens-induced myopic guinea pigs,the diopter increases,but the axial length is significantly shortened,and the posterior sclera is thickened,which may involve a decrease in the expression of amphiregulin.

Recent progress of retinal and choroidal thickness and the associated factors involved in the progress of myopia / 眼科新进展

It has been received wide attention for the increasing prevalence of myopia worldwide in recent years.The myopic fundus lesions,which may be associated with the variation level of the thickness of retinal and choroidal membrane in the early stage of myopia,remained the main cause of vision impairment and reduce the quality of life.However,the changes in retinal and choroidal thickness in the progress of myopia and the associated factors are not clear.This article gives a brief review the change in the thickness of retinal and choroidal thickness in progress of myopia and its associated factors,which can provide support for clinical diagnosis,prevention and monitoring of macula/choroidal associated diseases.

Effect of Systolic Cardiac Function on Passive Leg Raising for Predicting Fluid Responsiveness: A Prospective Observational Study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Passive leg raising (PLR) represents a "self-volume expansion (VE)" that could predict fluid responsiveness, but the influence of systolic cardiac function on PLR has seldom been reported. This study aimed to investigate whether systolic cardiac function, estimated by the global ejection fraction (GEF) from transpulmonary-thermodilution, could influence the diagnostic value of PLR.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This prospective, observational study was carried out in the surgical Intensive Care Unit of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from December 2013 to July 2015. Seventy-eight mechanically ventilated patients considered for VE were prospectively included and divided into a low-GEF (<20%) and a near-normal-GEF (≥20%) group. Within each group, baseline hemodynamics, after PLR and after VE (250 ml 5% albumin over 30 min), were recorded. PLR-induced hemodynamic changes (PLR-Δ) were calculated. Fluid responders were defined by a 15% increase of stroke volume (SV) after VE.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty-five out of 38 patients were responders in the GEF <20% group, compared to 26 out of 40 patients in the GEF ≥20% group. The thresholds of PLR-ΔSV and PLR-Δ cardiac output (PLR-ΔCO) for predicting fluid responsiveness were higher in the GEF ≥20% group than in the GEF <20% group (ΔSV: 12% vs. 8%; ΔCO: 7% vs. 6%), with increased sensitivity (ΔSV: 92% vs. 92%; ΔCO: 81% vs. 80%) and specificity (ΔSV: 86% vs. 70%; ΔCO: 86% vs. 77%), respectively. PLR-Δ heart rate could predict fluid responsiveness in the GEF ≥20% group with a threshold value of -5% (sensitivity 65%, specificity 93%) but could not in the GEF <20% group. The pressure index changes were poor predictors.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In the critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation, the diagnostic value of PLR for predicting fluid responsiveness depends on cardiac systolic function. Thus, cardiac systolic function must be considered when using PLR.</p><p><b>TRIAL REGISTRATION</b>Chinese Clinical Trial Register, ChiCTR-OCH-13004027; http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=5540.</p>

Research progress of growth factors in the pathogenesis and developments of myopia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Myopia is one of the most popular eye diseases all over the world. The development of the current understanding of its mechanism is still limited. Many studies indicated that the growth factors closely related to eye development and myopia. Some growth factors with biological activity, such as transforming growth factor ( TGF ), fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) and epidermal growth factor ( EGF ), have an impact on scleral thickness variation, the regulation of the development of myopia and so on, which plays a non-negligible role in the pathogenesis of myopia. In this paper, the function of various growth factors in myopia will be reviewed.

Influence of Yanyankang Powder on Th1/Th2 in rats with experimental autoimmune uveitis / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the influence of Yanyankang powder on Th1/Th2 in rats with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The EAU models were induced in Lewis rats by immunization with interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) 1177-1191 in complete Freund's adjuvant. The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: a model control group, a Yanyankang group, and a prednisone group, 9 rats in each group. The model control group was intervened with saline solution by gavage. The Yanyankang group was intervened with Yanyankang powder 4 g/(kg day) by gavage. The prednisone group were intervened with prednisone acetate tablets 5 mg/(kg d) by gavage. All groups were intervened after immunization once every 2 days for 18 days and monitored by slit-lamp biomicroscopy daily until day 18. The levels of gamma interferon (INF-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the supernatants of T cells were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology was used for measuring Th1 and Th2 related cytokine mRNA expressions.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Slighter intraocular inflammation was found in the Yanyankang group and the prednisone group than the control group. The levels of the IFN-γ and IL-10 in the supernatants of the spleen lymph node cells were 382.33±6.30, 155.87±4.46 μg/L in the Yanyankang group and 270.93±7.76, 265.32±11.88 μg/L in the prednisone group. Both had significant differences compared with the control group (941.53±8.59, 20.67±4.65 μg/L; =0.01). The PCR results showed the same tendency.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Yanyankang powder showed favorable effects in the rats with EAU by influencing the function of Th1 and Th2 cells.</p>

Role of pannexin 1 channels in cisplatin-induced apoptosis in I-10 cells / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of pannexin 1 channels in cisplatin-induced apoptosis in I-10 cells and the mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of cisplatin (DDP) in I-10 cells. Annexin V/PI double staining and Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining were employed to detect early- and late-stage apoptosis of the cells, respectively. Extracellular ATP level and intracellular IP3 level in the cells were detected using commercial detection kits.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>I-10 cells exposed to both CBX (a pannexin 1 channel inhibitor) and DDP showed a higher cell viability compared with the cells exposed to DDP alone (P<0.01). CBX significantly decreased cisplatin-induced early-stage apoptosis (P<0.001) and late-stage apoptosis (P<0.01), and cause obvious reductions in extracellular ATP and intracellular IP3 levels during cisplatin-induced apoptosis (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Pannexin 1 channels participate in cisplatin-induced apoptosis in I-10 cells possibly through the ATP/IP3 pathway.</p>

Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Progress in signaling pathways and therapeutic targets / 第二军医大学学报

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most commonly seen primary liver cancer in China, with its etiology still not fully understood. Research has shown that many signaling pathways are involved in the development and progression of liver cancer, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, insulin-like growth factors receptor, and so on. The abnormality of these signaling pathways finally leads to cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and apoptosis tolerance. The current treatment of liver cancer mainly includes drugs, surgery, radiation therapy and immune therapy, but there is still an urgent needs for more effective treatment with less adverse effect. It is hoped that with the progression in the signal pathways of hepatic cancer, anti-tumor treatments with these signal pathways as the targets will cast new lights for liver cancer treatment.

Isolation and structure identification of chemical constituents from Polygala hongkongensis II / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To isolate and elucidate the constituents of herbs of Polygala hongkongensis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The constituents were isolated and purify by chromatographic on silica gel, Sephadax LH-20 and semi-preparative HPLC. The structures were determined by NMR and MS spectral analysis.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Six compounds were identified as euxanthone (1), 1, 3, 6-trihydroxyxanthone (2), 1, 4, 7-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-xanthone (3), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (4), 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (5), and methy 1 2, 5-dihydroxybenzoate (6).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The known compounds 1-6 were isolated from this plant for the first time.</p>

The chemical constituents of Polygala hongkongensis Hemsl / 药学学报

Polygala hongkongensis Polycalaceae is mostly distributed in southern China, such as Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian and Sichuan provinces. And its herbs is used as a remedy of heat-clearing and detoxicating, removing food retention, promoting blood flow and expelling phlegm to arrest coughing in the folk medicine. Previous phytochemical investigations on Polygala plants have reported that the main chemical constituents are sapaonins, xanthones and oligosaccharide esters. To the best of our knowledge, there is no chemical report on the Polygala hongkongensis Hemsl. yet. In order to search and make use of natural resources from Polygala and to find the bioactive compounds and new compounds, we carried out studies on chemical constituents of this plant. The herbs of P. hongkongensis were extracted with 70% MeOH. The extract was combined and evaporated in vacuum to residue, which was suspended in water and successively partitioned with EtOAc and n-BuOH. Part of the n-BuOH extract was isolated and purified by various column chromatographs such as a macroporous resin, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column and semipreparative HPLC. The structures of isolated and purified compounds were determined by spectral analysis such as UV, IR, HRESI-MS, ESI-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HMQC, HMBC, H-H COSY, NOESY and physico-chemical property. Six compounds were identified as polyhongkonggaline (1), 3, 6'-di-O-sinapoyl-sucrose (2), tenuifoliside A (3), glomeratose D (4), cis-syringin (5), syringaresinol-4'-O-beta-D-monoglucoside (6). Compounds 1 is new compound, and 2-6 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Farther studies on the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of P. hongkongensis will be carried out.

Effect of Indapamide on the Rehabilitation of Cardiac Function in Patients with Primary Hypertension Disease / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo observe the effect of Indapamide on the rehabilitation of cardiac function in patients with primary hypertension disease.Methods56 patients with primary hypertension disease were randomly divided into the Indapamide group and Hydrochlorothiazide group with 28 cases in each group, and treated with Indapamide and Hydrochlorothiazide respectively assisted with conventional non-drug treatment such as dietetic and weight control. The cardiac functions of patients in two groups were examined with echocardiography before and two months after treatment.ResultsAfter treatment, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) raised and relative wall thickness (RWT) declined in patients of two groups, but the effect of the Indapamide group was better than that of the Hydrochlorothiazide group ( P<0.05).ConclusionThe effect of Indapamide on cardiac function and structure is better than Hydrochlorothiazide.

The drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria of nosocomial infections in surgical intensive care unit / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria of nosocomial infections in the surgical intensive care unit.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria of nosocomial infections in the SICU in our hospital from January 2001 to December 2004 were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average nosocomial infections rate was 11.3%. The major sites of nosocomial infections were respiratory tract (30.9%), abdominal cavity (29.0%), bloodstream (9.7%) and biliary ducts (7.2%). The most common pathogens were pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.6%), methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (11.1%) and candida albicans (9.7%). ESBLs-producing strains accounted for 66.2% and 58.5% of escherichia coli and klebsiella spp. respectively. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus accounted for 94.7% and methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci accounted for 88.2% in staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci. Carbapenems were the most powerful antibiotics against enterobacteriaceae. The non-fermenters were high resistant to antimicrobial agents. Vancomycin was the most potent antimicrobial against gram positive cocci. Amphotericin B was the most active antibiotic against fungi.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Most strains of pathogens were antibiotic resistant in SICU. The main pathogenic bacteria of each infection site were different. So it is essential to establish nosocomial infections surveillance system in order to prevent, control and treat nosocomial infections effectively.</p>